Art+-+The+Fundamentals

=Art Fundamentals=


 * __Definitions__**
 * 1) __aesthetics:__//philosophical inquiry into the nature and expression of beauty//
 * 2) __formal analysis:__//focuses on the visual qualities of a work of art//
 * 3) __contextual analysis:__//looks outside a work of art in order to determine its meaning//
 * 4) __vault:__//an arch-shaped structure that is used as a ceiling or as a support for a roof//
 * 5) __barrel vault:__//a tunnel of arches//
 * 6) __ribbed vaults:__//a framework of thin stone ribs or arches built under the intersection of the vaulted sections of a ceiling//
 * 7) __flying buttresses__//__:__ additional bracing material and arches placed on the exterior of the building//
 * 8) __sfumato:__//Italian word "fume", meaning smoke, is the use of mellowed colors and a blurred outline//
 * 9) __chiaroscuro:__//dramatic contrasts of light and dark//
 * 10) __positive space:__//objects, shapes, or forms in artwork//
 * 11) __negative space:__//may surround the forms or may be created//
 * 12) __line:__//most basic of art elements//
 * 13) __shape:__//defines the two-dimensional area of an object//
 * 14) __form:__//objects that are three-dimensional, having length, width, and depth//
 * 15) __perspective:__//illusion of depth, an important use of space in two-dimensional artworks//
 * 16) __hue:__//name of the color//
 * 17) __color wheel:__//organization of hues into a visual scheme//
 * 18) __value:__//the lightness or darkness of a color or of gray//
 * 19) __neutrals:__//colors like black and white//
 * 20) __intensity:__//brightness or purity of a color//
 * 21) __local color:__//the true color of an object or area as seen in normal daylight//
 * 22) __optical color:__//the effect that special lighting has on the color of objects//
 * 23) __texture:__//how things feel or how we think they would feel if touched//
 * 24) __composition:__//the artist's organization of the elements of art//
 * 25) __rhythm:__//the principle that we associate with movement or patterns//
 * 26) __Motif and Pattern:__//two aspects of repetition//
 * 27) __balance:__//the equal distribution of visual weight in a work of art//
 * 28) __approximate symmetry:__//shapes or objects are slightly varied on either side of the central axis//
 * 29) __asymmetrical balance:__//a visual balance that is achieved through the organization of unlike objects//
 * 30) __focal point:__//an element that contrasts with the rest of a composition, where the eye tends to rest//
 * 31) __proportion:__//the size relationships among the parts of a composition//
 * 32) __scale:__//refers to the dimensional relation of the parts of a work to the work in its entirety, and can refer to the overall size of an artwork//
 * 33) __hatching:__//consists of placing lines closely side-by-side//
 * 34) __crosshatching:__//a process in which lines are criss-crossed to create shading//
 * 35) __stippling:__//the artist creates different values by making a pattern of dots//
 * 36) __printmaking:__//a group of mechanically aided two-dimensional processes that permit the production of multiple original artworks//
 * 37) __relief printmaking:__//the artist cuts away parts from the surface of the plate//
 * 38) __intaglio printmaking:__//The opposite of relief printmaking, lines are incised into wood or a metal plate//
 * 39) __engraving:__//a form of intaglio printmaking, carving tools are used to cut lines into the surface of the plate//
 * 40) __etching:__//a form of intaglio printmaking, the design is incised using acid through a layer of wax or varnish applied to the surface of a metal plate//
 * 41) __lithography:__//a process in which the image is drawn with a waxy pencil or crayon directly on a plate//
 * 42) __pigments:__//finely ground materials that may be natural or synthetic, one of the three parts of paint//
 * 43) __binders:__//one of the three parts of paint, it holds pigments together and allows the paint to adhere to a surface//
 * 44) __solvents:__//one of the three parts of paint, it is used to change the consistency and/or drying time of paint//
 * 45) __fresco:__//pure powdered pigments are mixed with water and applied to a wet plaster ground (used on walls and ceilings)//
 * 46) __tempera:__//a water-based paint, the primary type of paint used prior to the 1400s (and the development of oil-based paints)//
 * 47) __glazes:__//thin, transparent or semi-transparent layers used to slightly alter color//
 * 48) __encaustic:__//colored molten wax//
 * 49) __gouache:__//water based opaque paint of a high quality//
 * 50) __carving:__//a subtractive process in which some of the original material is removed//
 * 51) __modeling:__//the forming of soft materials such as clay, wax, and plaster//
 * 52) __environmental art:__//large in scale, constructed on site, and is not permanent//
 * 53) __mixed media:__//a combination of different art media in a single art work (e.g., collages)//
 * 54) __performance art:__//art where the artist engages in some type of performance that involves the viewers//
 * 55) __slip:__//a process which includes rolling out clay, cutting it, and assembling the cut portions using liquid clay//
 * 56) __post and lintel construction:__//technique in which a long stone or wooden beam is placed horizontally across upright posts//
 * 57) __contraposto:__ //in sculpture, a standing figure is posed with its weight shifted onto one leg, for a more relaxed, naturalistic appearance//
 * 58) __hiberno-saxon:__ //an artistic style resulting from the merging of Viking, Anglo-Saxon, and Celtic Irish art forms//
 * 59) __mannerism:__ //works characterized by the distortion of certain elements such as perspective and scale; and, also recognizable by their use of acidic colors and the twisted positioning of their subjects.//
 * 60) __Baroque:__ //a term used to refer to artworks produced from the late sixteenth century through the mid-eighteenth century; these works are characterized by a greater sense of movement and energy.//

=Art History=

__**Key Concepts:**__
//__**Old Stone Age:**__// __**Chauvet Cave:**__ Oldest works of art, located in southeastern France (c. 30,000 B.C.E.) Other Cave paintings include Lascaux and Altamira (c. 13,000 - 11,000 B.C.E.) in France and Spain Function of cave paintings is uncertain, may have been created as part of hunting ceremonies or other ritual behaviors.
 * __Venus (or Woman) of Willendorf:__** best known of a group of old stone age sculptures (c. 28,000 - 25,000 B.C.E.) made of stone and depicting female figures with exaggerated bellies, breasts, and pubic areas. It is suspected that these sculptures were fertility figures, but their exact use and purpose cannot be known.


 * //__Middle Stone Age:__//**
 * Rock Shelter Paintings (c. 7000 - 4000 B.C.E.)** include a depiction of human figures alone and in groups with an emphasis on scenes where humans dominate animals.

Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England (built c. 2000 - 1000 B.C.E.)
 * //__New Stone Age:__//**
 * Post and Lintel Construction
 * Some stones as heavy as 50 tons
 * Heel Stone, from the center of the circle this stone marks the point at which the sun rises on the midsummer solstice.

Conditions that promote art:
 * highly organized cultures
 * stable population centers
 * ruling classes that support the work of artists

__**The Code of Hammurabi:**__
 * //__Ancient Mesopotamia:__//**
 * oldest legal code known in its entirety
 * best known artwork related to code and preserved in the Louvre Museum
 * stone stele, Hammurabi's Code, relief sculpture depicting Hammurabi receiving inspiration from the sun-god, Shamash


 * __The Ishtar Gate:__**
 * Gateway to the great ziggurat of the temple of Bel
 * Animal figures superimposed on a walled surface

//The Palace at Persepolis (a grand architectural achievement) -- stone, brick, and wood with Egyptian influences.//
 * //__Persian Art:__//**
 * //__Ancient Egypt:__//**
 * Art emphasizes heirarchical scale--using the status of figures or objects to determine relative sizes within an artwork (e.g., Palette of King Narmer, c. 3000 B.C.E.)
 * Fractional Representation -- Head in profile with eye in frontal view, torso in full frontal view, lower body, legs, and feet in profile view.

__**Key Concepts:**__ //__**Minoan Artwork:**__//
 * Greek and Roman Art**
 * a naturalistic pictorial style
 * frescoes painted on palace walls
 * pottery designs


 * //__Ancient Greek Art__//**
 * Greek architectural columns (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian) consisted of a base, shaft, capital, and emblature.
 * Columns were differentiated by their degree of ornamentation with Doric columns being the least ornate and Corinthian columns being the most ornate (with figures against a floral, ornamented background).

Best known ancient Greek art is from the city-state of Athens (c. 475 - 323 B.C.E.) The chief contribution of the Romans was the discovery of the equivalent of modern concrete
 * The Parthenon** is an example of the use of columns that has become a principal feature of western architecture for more than 2,000 years.
 * //__Roman Art__//**

**Byzantine and Medieval Art**
__**Key Concepts:**__
 * Best known work from Byzantium is mosaic work (in which small ceramic tiles, pieces of stone, or glass were set into a ground material to create large murals).
 * The //Hagia Sophia,// built in Constantinople (532- 537 C.E.) is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements in history.

Medieval Artwork was largely confined to the illuminated manuscripts created in monasteries. These works of art helped facilitate the exchange of ideas between northern and southern Europe.
 * //Book of Kells//
 * //Coronation Gospels//

The Renaissance in Southern Europe
__**Key Concepts:**__ Best Known Artist: Giotto di Bondone, a Florentine best known for his frescoes (1267 - 1337)

Economic changes played a key role in triggering the Renaissance
 * The development of paper money allowed the accumulation of great fortunes
 * The Medici family was an example of the wealthy became patrons of the arts
 * A new emphasis on the individual

Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378? - 1455) and the "Gates of Paradise"

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446)
 * double-shelled dome design (e.g., the dome of the cathedral in Florence)
 * linear (single vanishing point) perspective

Masaccio (1401 - 1428) used both linear and aerial perspective in his frescoes

Donatello (1386? - 1466)
 * Considered the founder of modern sculpture
 * Best known work, a bronze statue of //David// (c. 1430 - 1432)

Boticelli (1444? - 1510)
 * Established an image of female beauty that has lasted through the centuries
 * Best known work, //The Birth of Venus// (c. 1482)


 * //Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were models for the term "Renaissance Man."//**

Leonardo da Vinci:
 * inventor, architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, scientist, and musician
 * devloped locks that control movement through canals (still used today)
 * viable drawings of submarines and helicopters
 * His best known works) icons of pop culture
 * //The Last Supper (c. 1495 - 1498)//
 * //Mona Lisa (c. 1503 - 1505)//

Michelangelo di Buonarotti:
 * Best known works:
 * //David (1504)//
 * //Moses (c. 1513 - 1515)//
 * //The Dying Slave (1513 - 1516)//
 * //The Bound Slave (1513 - 1516)//
 * //The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508 - 1512)//

Raphael Sanzio (1483 - 1520)
 * Considered most influential painter of the Madonna (created an enduring image of the Virgin Mary)
 * Best known works:
 * //School of Athens (1509 - 1511) -// a sumptuous frescoe in the Pope's official chambers
 * //Sistine Madonna (c. 1513 - 1514)//

Giorgione (1477/78 - 1510)
 * Best known for his influence on landscape painting
 * Best known work: //The Tempest// (c. 1508) where the storm and landscape dominate the figures depicted

Titian Vecelli (c. 1488 - 1576)
 * Recognized as the greatest colorist of all the Renaissance painters
 * Best know for his portraits of his patrons

Tintoretto (1518 - 1594): Best known for his use of mannerism and chiaroscuro, his work anticipated the Baroque era


 * Reformation vs. the Counter Reformation**
 * The works of Dominikos Theotokopoulos (aka, El Greco): one of the most well-known mannerist painters and, along with Tintoretto, his work was a bridge between the Renaissance and Baroque eras.

The Renaissance in Northern Europe
__**Key Concepts:**__

Mathias Grunewald (1475? - 1528)
 * Considered one of the greatest artists of the Northern Renaissance
 * Known for his religious scenes and depictions of the crucifixion
 * Best known work: the //Isenheim Altarpiece// (c. 1510 - 1515) -- nine panels mounted on two sets of folding wings

Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528)
 * The other artist considered among the greatest of the Northern Renaissance
 * Wrote theories of art
 * Famous for series of wood cuts and copper engravings
 * Best known work: //The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse// (c. 1498)

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497 - 1543)
 * Considered one of the greatest Renaissance portraitists
 * Best known for his work in England as the court painter to King Henry VIII
 * His work became the model and standard for English painting through the nineteenth century

Baroque Art
__**Key Concepts:**__
 * Works of art that represent a richness of color and ornamentation that heightened the energy and emotion characteristic of the period
 * Made use of chiaroscuro to create a theatrical kind of lighting that made the subject appear to be in a spotlight

Caravaggio (1573 - 1610)
 * Italian Baroque painter
 * Artworks using extremes of dark and light are often referred to as "caravaggesque"
 * depicted the Virgin Mary and the Apostles as poor and simple folks (used lower-class individuals as models for his works)

Artemisia Gentileschi (1593? - 1652?)
 * As a result of recent revisions in art history, this woman has risen to prominence as an important Baroque artist
 * She is best known for her remarkable adaptation of Caravaggio's techniques
 * Works include self-portraits and paintings of Old Testament women

Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598 - 1680)
 * The most important Baroque artist
 * Most significant work in sculpture
 * Also a talented architect, painter, and draftsman
 * Best known work: the //Ecstasy of Saint Teresa// (1647 - 1652), set into the altar of the Cornaro Chapel
 * Tried to make stone look like real fabric and even clouds

Peter Paul Rubens (1577 - 1640)
 * From Flanders
 * He had a huge workshop
 * Produced works of great energy and color that became models for other artists

Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 - 1669)
 * A Dutch Artist
 * One of the best known Baroque painters
 * Best known work: //The Night Watch// (1642), more properly known as //Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard//
 * Broke with tradition by emphasizing certain individuals within group portraits

Louis XIV and the Peak of the Baroque Period
 * The uniting of France and the blossoming of French culture
 * Louis' Palace at Versailles
 * Developed a system of choosing and supporting artists called //The Salon//

Diego Velazquez (1599 -1660)
 * Court Painter to King Philip IV of Spain
 * Used a method of building figures from patches of color, rather than starting from a drawing
 * His work had an influence on later impressionist painters

Roccoco, Neo-Classicism, and Romanticism
__**Rococco Key Concepts:**__
 * Rococco works were celebrations of gaiety, romance, and the frivolity of the grand life at court
 * Emphasis on light-hearted decoration with the use of gold and pastel colors

Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684 - 1721)
 * Developed a new genre of painting called the //fete galante,// which depicted mebers of the nobility in elegant contemporary dress enjoying liesure time in the countryside.

Francois Boucher (1703 -1770)
 * Favorite painter of Madame Pompadour (Louis XIV's mistress)
 * transformed mythical characters into scenes of courtly gallantry
 * best known for his nubile nudes

Jean-Honore Fragonard (1732 -1806)
 * Another favorite of Madame Pompadour
 * Worked with Boucher and his works reflected this influence
 * __Neo-Classicism and Romanticism Key Concepts:__**
 * A revival of interest in the art of Ancient Greece and Rome
 * A reflection of enlightment ideals and the era leading up to the French Revolution (1789)
 * A challenge to Rococco associations with the aristocracy
 * sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric composition, and rational order are hallmarks of the works

Jacques Louis David (1748 - 1825)
 * Illustrations of Republican virtues
 * Famous work: The //Oath of the Horatii// (1784)
 * Later, became a dedicated painter to Napoleon Bonaparte
 * Progandist canvases commisioned by Napoleon conflicted with earlier republican idealism

Jean Dominique Ingres (1780 - 1867) and his rival Eugene Delacroix (1798 - 1863)
 * Ingres was a pupil of David, while Delacroix ushered in the era of Romanticism
 * Romantic Paintings
 * highly imaginative and characterized by an emotional and dreamlike quality
 * favored feeling over reason
 * incorporated exotic or melodramatic elements
 * often used awe-inspiring natural wonders as their subject
 * Other Romantic Artists
 * Theodore Gericault (1791 -1824)
 * William Blake (1757 - 1827)

Realism and Impressionism
__**Realism Key Concepts:**__
 * A reaction to neo-classicism and romanticism
 * A belief that all the features of the subject must be illustrated (including the negative ones)
 * Obligated to show the lives of ordinary people
 * Chief artistic representatives include
 * Gustave Courbet (1819 -1877) - Best known work: //The Stonebreakers// (1849 - 1850)
 * Honore Daumier (1808 - 1879)
 * Jean Francois Millet (1814 - 1875)
 * __Impressionism Key Concepts:__**
 * Grew out of a dissatisfaction with the rigid rules that began to dominate the //Salon//
 * The //Salon de Refuses// was developed as an exhibition of works officially rejected by the //Salon//
 * Edoard Manet (1832 - 1883)
 * Often referred to as the first impressionist
 * He denied his association with impressionism, but he was the inspiration for many of the artists who followed him.
 * His work //Le Dejeuner sur L'herbe// (Luncheon on the Grass - 1863) became a source of ridicule and scandal
 * violated the unwritten rule of including only appropriate nudes (classical figures or women in suitably exotic settings)
 * In //Luncheon on the Grass// Manet showed clothed men lunching with a nude woman as part of the group


 * Claude Monet (1840 -1926)
 * His work, //Impression Sunrise// (1873), became the source of the name for this artistic movement (the name "Impressionist" was originally used by critics to ridicule the works)
 * He urged others to work outdoors in the natural environment (an ability gleaned from technological advances in paint and paint brushes)


 * Other Impressionists of note:
 * Camille Pissarro (1830 - 1903)
 * Alfred Sisley (1839 -1899)

Post-Impressionism and Other
__**Key Concepts:**__

Paul Cezanne (1839 - 1906)
 * Redifined art in terms of form
 * Suggested a painting could be structured as a series of planes
 * Foreground
 * Middle Ground
 * Background
 * Suggested that objects in paintings could be reduced to their simplest underlying geometric form (e.g, a cube, a sphere, or a cone)

Georges Seurat (1859 -1891)
 * Seurat placed an emphasis on the scientific rules of color
 * Developed the process of optical mixing (using small dots of complementary colors that blend in the eye of the viewer)

Vincent van Gogh (1853 - 1890)
 * Held that the artist's colors did not have to imitate the colors of the natural world
 * Colors should be intensified to portray inner human emotions

Paul Gauguin (1843 - 1903)
 * A successful businessman who abandoned his career and his family to pursue painting
 * His search for more intense colors eventually took him to the South pacific and the island of Tahiti

Edgar Degas (1834 - 1917)
 * His work exemplified the new influences of photography, technology, and a shrinking global culture
 * Combined the snapshot style of photography with the Japanese-like perspective from slightly above his subject

The **Pre-Raphaelites** created a style that attempted to return to the simpler forms of pre-Renaissance art (a reaction to the industrial revolution in England)


 * Art Nouveau**: a style of decoration, architecture, and design that was characterized by the depiction of leaves and flowers in flowing, sinuous lines (this work influenced the artwork of flower children in the 1960s),

The Emergence of Modernism
__**Key Concepts:**__

__**Key Concepts:**__
__**Sample Questions:**__
 * 1) (Blank) is a smoky effect that softens outlines in paintings.
 * 2) The artist often credited with creating the first totally abstract paintings is (Blank).
 * 3) The (Blank) was an innovation in the Gothic style that changed churches' ceilings.
 * 4) When special lighting affects the color of an object, the result is referred to as (Blank).
 * 5) In an artwork, a motif is (Blank).
 * 6) (Blank) is a printing process that begins by drawing on a plate with a waxy crayon.
 * 7) (Blank) art is a form of world art that is mostly non-figurative.
 * 8) Baroque religious art appealed largely to (Blank).
 * 9) All other colors can be produced from (Blank x 3).
 * 10) Mosaic work in the form of large murals is associated with the art of (Blank).
 * 11) (Blank) was a Japanese artistic form that had a great impact on 19th century Western artists.
 * 12) Pablo Picasso and Georges Braques introduced (Blank) into the high art sphere in 1912.
 * 13) Willem de Kooning, Lee Krasner, Wassily Kandinsky, and Jackson Pollock were all (Blank).
 * 14) The cost, patron, original location, and time period would all be part of a (Blank).
 * 15) An artwork with the head in profile, eye in frontal view, torso in full frontal view, and lower body in profile is known as (Blank).
 * 16) The work of (Blank) resembles the output of dot matrix printers.
 * 17) Of tempera, acrylic, watercolor, gouache, and encaustic, only (Blank) is a synthetic paint.
 * 18) The (Blank) broke tradition with their unique use of color.
 * 19) During the early medieval period, nomadic Germanic peoples were skilled in working with (Blank).
 * 20) (Blank) paint is very inexpensive, has a limited color range, is difficult to blend, and dries very quickly.
 * 21) "Clear" wood does not have (Blank).